writing tips

punctuation and capitilization

Punctuation

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Punctuation rules

Punctuation marks are symbols which

1. organize the structure of written language,
2. and indicate intonation and pauses to be observed when reading aloud.

Punctuation marks are also used to avoid ambiguity. For example, "woman, without her man, is nothing" has a different meaning from "woman: without her, man is nothing"

This is a summary of punctuation rules.

Read the punctuation rules and study the examples given.

End punctuation marks:

1. Full stop , or period (.)

• Used a full stop at the end of a sentence:
  She stood up and went away. She was furious.
• Used for abbreviations:
  Co. (Company)
  M.P. (Member of Parliament)

2. Question marks (?)

• Question marks are used at the end of direct questions:
  Where do you live?
  Are you crazy?
  Did you do the homework?
• Use a question mark at the end of tag questions:
  You will help me, won't you?
  He likes soccer, doesn't he?

3. Exclamation marks (!)

• Used to indicate strong emotions:
  She's so beautiful!
  What a nice girl!
  How interesting!
• Used after interjections:
  Oh! It's awful.
  Hi! What's up?

Commas (,)

• Commas are used between items in a series or list. The last two items of the series usually do not need a comma between them. They are separated by "and".
  I like spaghetti, fish, pizza and couscous.
• Commas are also used between adjectives or adverbs:
  I'd like to have a big, black, German car.
  She speaks slowly, quietly and eloquently.
• After the street address and city in an address:
  34 Hassan II Street, Rabat, Morocco.
• Before or after direct speech:
  He said,"I hate being treated like that."
  "I'm sorry", she replied.
• Before a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
  He woke up late, so he had to drive to work.

Semicolons (;)

• Semicolons are used instead of a full stop or period to separate independent sentences:
  They woke up early; then they went jogging.
• Use a semicolon to separate items in a series when those items contain punctuation such as a comma:
  They visited the Eiffel Tower, Paris; Big Ben, London; and the statue of liberty, New York

Colons (:)

• Use a colon to introduce a list:
  He visited three cities last summer holiday: Madrid, Roma and Athens.
• To introduce an idea or an explanation:
  He had one idea in mind: to see her as soon as possible.
• To introduce direct speech or a quotation:
  The secretary whispered in his ear: "Your wife is on the phone. "

Dashes (--)

• To introduce parenthetical information:
  I put on a blue jacket --the one my mother bought me-- and blue jeans.
• To show an afterthought:
  I explained to him my point of view-- at least I tried!

Apostrophes (')

• Use an apostrophe to indicate a missing letter or letters in a contraction.
  I'm fed up with his stories
• Use an apostrophe plus the letter "s" to show possession.
  My brother's girlfriend is such a sweet girl.

Quotation marks ("")

• Quotation marks are used to quote speech, sentences or words.
  She said, "I love you."

• Capitalization

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  Capitalization rules

  Capitalization is the writing of a word with the first letter as upper-case letter (A,B, C, D,...) and the rest of the word as lower-case letters (a,b,c,d,...)
  This is a summary of the capitalization.
  Read the capitalization rules and study the examples given.

  The rules

  Capitalize the first word in a sentence.

  • They arrived late. They had dinner and went to sleep.

  The first word in a quote.

  • He said, "You are fantastic."

  Capitalize " I ".

  • I'm very sorry for being late. I missed the bus.

  Capitalize proper nouns.

  • George was furious when he heard the bad news from Alice.

  Capitalize names of rivers, mountains.

  • The Nile River is in Egypt.
  • The highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest.

  The official title of a person, the initials in someone's name are capitalized

  • Dr. Lynch.
  • D. H. Lawrence is a wonderful novelist.

  Days of the week, months of the year, holidays are capitalized.

  • We went to Paris on Monday and came back on Saturday.
  • The Independence Day is in July not January.

  Capitalize countries, cities, languages, nationalities.

  • New York is more exciting than Seattle.
  • He lives in London, but he's not English. He's Nigerian.
  • He speaks English, Chinese and Japanese.

  The first word in each line of a poem.

  • "Who will believe my verse in time to come,
    If it were fill'd with your most high deserts?
    Though yet heaven knows it is but as a tomb
    Which hides your life, and shows not half your parts."
    Shakespeare.